Ignore the information about scaled integers, it is not relevant to your use case. If you have imported with osm2pgsql then observe the following:
* planet_osm_nodes `planet_osm_nodes` is almost certainly not what you are interested in as it has raw coordinates for nodes but no *other* information (is this node a tree? a shop? a city? etc)
* Instead, use the tables `planet_osm_point`, `planet_osm_polygon`, and `planet_osm_line`, where the coordinates are stored in the "way" column. Read up on PostGIS functions. You can use st_astext to display the "way" column in a human readable format.
* Your database is in "spherical Mercator" coordinates, not lat/lon degrees. Hence the confusion. Use the PostGIS function `st_transform(way,4326)` to convert these coordinates to lat/lon degrees, or alternatively use the `-l` command line option when importing with osm2pgsql.